D printing - Wikipedia. D Printing, also known as Additive Manufacturing (AM), refers to processes used to create a three- dimensional object[1] in which layers of material are formed under computer control to create an object.[2] Objects can be of almost any shape or geometry and typically are produced using digital model data from a 3. D model or another electronic data source such as an Additive Manufacturing File (AMF) file. STerio. Lithography (STL) is one of the most common file types that 3. D printers can read. Thus, unlike material removed from a stock in the conventional machining process, 3. D printing or AM builds a three- dimensional object from computer- aided design (CAD) model or AMF file by successively adding material layer by layer.[3]The term "3.
D printing" originally referred to a process that deposits a binder material onto a powder bed with inkjet printer heads layer by layer. More recently, the term is being used in popular vernacular to encompass a wider variety of additive manufacturing techniques. United States and global technical standards use the official term additive manufacturing for this broader sense. ISO/ASTM5. 29. 00- 1. Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes within its meaning: binder jettingdirected energy depositionmaterial extrusionmaterial jettingpowder bed fusionsheet lamination and vat photopolymerization[4]Terminology[edit]The umbrella term. Additive Manufacturing (AM) gained wide currency in the 2.
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The term Subtractive Manufacturing appeared as a retronym for the large family of machining processes with metal removal as their common theme. The term 3. D Printing still referred only to the polymer technologies in most minds, and the term AM was likelier to be used in metalworking and end use part production contexts than among polymer, inkjet, or stereolithography enthusiasts. By the early 2. 01. D printing and additive manufacturing evolved senses in which they were alternate umbrella terms for AM technologies, one being used in popular vernacular by consumer- maker communities and the media, and the other used more formally by industrial AM end- use part producers, AM machine manufacturers, and global technical standards organizations.
Until recently, the term 3. . D printing has been associated with machines low- end in price or in capability.[6] Both terms reflect that the technologies share the theme of sequential- layer material addition or joining throughout a 3.D work envelope under automated control.Peter Zelinski, the editor- in- chief of Additive Manufacturing magazine, pointed out in 2.AM comprises 3. D printing plus other technologies or other aspects of a manufacturing process.[7]Other terms that have been used as AM synonyms or hypernyms have included desktop manufacturing, rapid manufacturing (as the logical production- level successor to rapid prototyping), and on- demand manufacturing (which echoes on- demand printing in the 2.
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D sense of printing). That such application of the adjectives rapid and on- demand to the noun manufacturing was novel in the 2. Today, the term subtractive has not replaced the term machining, instead complementing it when a term that covers any removal method is needed. Agile tooling is the use of modular means to design tooling that is produced by additive manufacturing or 3. D printing methods, to enable quick prototyping and responses to tooling and fixture needs. Agile tooling uses a cost effective and high quality method to quickly respond to customer and market needs, and it can be used in hydro- forming, stamping, injection molding and other manufacturing processes. History[edit]Early additive manufacturing equipment and materials were developed in the 1.
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In 1. 98. 1, Hideo Kodama of Nagoya Municipal Industrial Research Institute invented two additive methods for fabricating three- dimensional plastic models with photo- hardening thermoset polymer, where the UV exposure area is controlled by a mask pattern or a scanning fiber transmitter.[9][1. On July 1. 6, 1. 98. Alain Le Méhauté, Olivier de Witte, and Jean Claude André filed their patent for the stereolithography process.[1. The application of the French inventors was abandoned by the French General Electric Company (now Alcatel- Alsthom) and CILAS (The Laser Consortium).[1. The claimed reason was "for lack of business perspective".[1.
Three weeks later in 1. Chuck Hull of 3. D Systems Corporation[1. Hull defined the process as a "system for generating three- dimensional objects by creating a cross- sectional pattern of the object to be formed,".[1. Hull's contribution was the STL (Stereolithography) file format and the digital slicing and infill strategies common to many processes today. The technology used by most 3.
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D printers to date—especially hobbyist and consumer- oriented models—is fused deposition modeling, a special application of plastic extrusion, developed in 1. S. Scott Crump and commercialized by his company Stratasys, which marketed its first FDM machine in 1. The term 3. D printing originally referred to a powder bed process employing standard and custom inkjet print heads, developed at MIT in 1.
Soligen Technologies, Extrude Hone Corporation, and Z Corporation. The year 1. 99. 3 also saw the start of a company called Solidscape, introducing a high- precision polymer jet fabrication system with soluble support structures, (categorized as a "dot- on- dot" technique). AM processes for metal sintering or melting (such as selective laser sintering, direct metal laser sintering, and selective laser melting) usually went by their own individual names in the 1. At the time, all metalworking was done by processes that we now call non- additive (casting, fabrication, stamping, and machining); although plenty of automation was applied to those technologies (such as by robot welding and CNC), the idea of a tool or head moving through a 3. D work envelope transforming a mass of raw material into a desired shape layer by layer was associated in metalworking only with processes that removed metal (rather than adding it), such as CNC milling, CNC EDM, and many others.
But the automated techniques that added metal, which would later be called additive manufacturing, were beginning to challenge that assumption. By the mid- 1. 99. Stanford and Carnegie Mellon University, including microcasting[1.
Sacrificial and support materials had also become more common, enabling new object geometries.[1. As the various additive processes matured, it became clear that soon metal removal would no longer be the only metalworking process done through a tool or head moving through a 3.
D work envelope transforming a mass of raw material into a desired shape layer by layer. The 2. 01. 0s were the first decade in which metal end use parts such as engine brackets[2. It is still the case that casting, fabrication, stamping, and machining are more prevalent than AM in metalworking, but AM is now beginning to make significant inroads, and with the advantages of design for additive manufacturing, it is clear to engineers that much more is to come. As technology matured, several authors had begun to speculate that 3. D printing could aid in sustainable development in the developing world. D printing was perceived to be the future of 2.
D printing.[2. 2][2. General principles[edit]Modeling[edit]3. D printable models may be created with a computer- aided design (CAD) package, via a 3. D scanner, or by a plain digital camera and photogrammetry software. D printed models created with CAD result in reduced errors and can be corrected before printing, allowing verification in the design of the object before it is printed.[2.
CAD model used for 3. D printing. The manual modeling process of preparing geometric data for 3. D computer graphics is similar to plastic arts such as sculpting.
D scanning is a process of collecting digital data on the shape and appearance of a real object, creating a digital model based on it. Printing[edit]Before printing a 3. D model from an STL file, it must first be examined for errors. Most CAD applications produce errors in output STL files: [2. A step in the STL generation known as "repair" fixes such problems in the original model.[2. Generally STLs that have been produced from a model obtained through 3. D scanning often have more of these errors.[3.
This is due to how 3. D scanning works- as it is often by point to point acquisition, reconstruction will include errors in most cases.[3.
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